From Linear to Circular: A Sectoral Analysis of Circular Economy Practices in Pakistan

Abstract

Circular economy (CE) is a transformative model that emphasizes resource efficiency and waste minimization by extending product lifecycles through reuse, recycling, and regeneration. In Pakistan, where rapid urbanization, industrial growth, and population pressures strain natural resources, adopting CE principles is both imperative and promising. This paper presents a comprehensive review of CE practices and potential in Pakistan across major sectors – agriculture, industry, construction, plastics, and textiles. Based on official statistics and recent studies, it identifies current waste generation (e.g., ~49.6 million tons of solid waste annually) and low recycling rates (only ~10%). Sector analyses detail existing informal recycling (e.g. plastic pelletization in Lahore) and innovations (e.g. biogas from crop residues). Comparative insights highlight lessons from regional peers (e.g. India’s Swachh Bharat achieving ~75% recycling in Indore) and EU policies (2020 Circular Economy Action Plan). Through tables of waste generation and recycling data, and illustrative figures, the results quantify Pakistan’s “waste-to-wealth” potential. The discussion identifies key challenges (e.g., informal sector dominance, weak enforcement) and opportunities (job creation, green growth). Finally, targeted policy recommendations are offered, including regulatory reforms, incentives for recycling technologies, and integration of the informal waste sector. This interdisciplinary analysis concludes that with strategic planning and investment, Pakistan can leverage CE practices to advance sustainable development and economic resilience.

Keywords: Circular Economy, Linear Model, Sustainability, Pakistan