The Rise of Populism in Pakistan: Imran Khan's Leadership and its Democratic Implications
Abstract
This research examines the impact of Imran Khan's populist leadership on Pakistan's democratic institutions and political culture. Employing qualitative methodology, the study analyzes primary data from interviews with political science experts and secondary sources including speeches, academic literature, and media reports. Drawing on theoretical frameworks from Müller, Mudde, and Mouffe, the research reveals how Khan's anti-elite rhetoric, Islamic-populist discourse, and emotional appeals have profoundly affected Pakistan's democracy. Findings indicate that while Khan mobilised youth political participation, his leadership predominantly weakened democratic institutions through unconstitutional actions, public denunciation of the judiciary, and refusal to legitimise opposition. His tenure witnessed the emergence of hybrid democracy, increased military intervention, and the transformation of political culture from rational policy debate to a personality-based, emotionally driven engagement characterised by intolerance and polarisation. The study concludes that Khan's populist governance eroded parliamentary democracy, institutional integrity, and pluralistic norms essential for democratic stability. The research underscores the need for strengthening institutional safeguards and promoting pluralistic political culture to enhance Pakistan's democratic resilience against populist challenges.
Keywords: Populism; Democratic Institutions; Political Culture; Imran Khan
