Digital Echo Chambers: The Role of Social Media in Political Polarization and Misinformation

Abstract

This study explores the role of social media in fostering digital echo chambers, political polarization, and the spread of misinformation among young users. Using a quantitative survey-based approach, data were collected from 150 undergraduate students at the University of Management and Technology (UMT), Sialkot. The study examines how exposure to misinformation and biased political content on social media influences political opinions, reinforces partisan attitudes, and intensifies political polarization. Regression analysis was employed to test the proposed hypotheses. The findings reveal that exposure to misinformation on social media significantly predicts political polarization, while biased political content strengthens skepticism toward opposing viewpoints. Additionally, socioeconomic, cultural, and emotional factors moderate individuals’ susceptibility to political misinformation. The study highlights the powerful media effects of social media platforms in shaping political perceptions and emphasizes the need for media literacy to counter polarization and misinformation in digital environments.