Understanding the Evolution of Public Policy & Governance

Abstract

This article critically explores the history and theory of public policy and governance, following the transformation from hierarchical, institution-based models to decentralized, participatory ones. Using qualitative, theory-driven research combining systematic literature review, historical contextualization, and comparative theoretical assessment, the research investigates four core dimensions: (1) governance institutions' response to societal complexity and globalization; (2) the merits and limitations of prevailing theoretical models, such as institutionalism, pluralism, elite theory, rational choice, and incrementalism; (3) globalization implications for transnational governance mechanisms; and (4) evidence-based policymaking's role in advancing accountability. Findings show that contemporary governance increasingly involves hybrid models, blending state power with civil society and market participation, while transnational challenges require adaptive, multi-stakeholder collaboration. Theoretical models, although different, all converge on the trade-off between policymaking stability and innovation. Evidence-based interventions, although revolutionary, need to balance
quantitative rigor and contextual awareness to avoid technocratic traps. The analysis emphasizes the necessity for adaptive, participatory governance to confront 21st-century challenges, such as climate change and public health crises. The limitations include the use of secondary sources and regional bias, suggesting avenues for future research into AI-governance, crisis management, and
intersectional policymaking. Lastly, the article calls on governance models to prioritize empirical rigor, participatory inclusivity, and global collaboration to achieve democratic values and collective well-being.