A Cumulative Case for the Existence of God (Allah): Integrating Cosmological, Contingency, Design, and Oneness Arguments
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive philosophical and theological defense for the existence and oneness of God (Allah) through a cumulative case approach, integrating the Kalam Cosmological Argument, the Contingency Argument, the Design Argument, and the Argument for Divine Oneness. Drawing from classical Islamic scholarship (e.g., al-Ghazali, Ibn Sina) and contemporary analytic philosophy (e.g., Craig, Swinburne), the study systematically examines the metaphysical and empirical foundations of these arguments. The first part establishes the existence of at least one eternal or necessary being (wajib al-wujud) through both cosmological reasoning and contingency analysis, demonstrating that the universe’s existence requires an uncaused, necessary ground of being. The second part argues that this necessary being must be personal (al-faʿil al-mukhtar), capable of volition, intelligence, and intentional creation, as indicated by the philosophical implications of Kalam and the fine-tuning of the universe. The third part provides logical and metaphysical justification for the uniqueness of this being, countering polytheistic alternatives through arguments based on divine simplicity, maximal greatness, and the impossibility of multiple necessary beings. Scientific considerations—such as the Big Bang cosmology and thermodynamic principles—are incorporated to reinforce the philosophical conclusions regarding the finitude of the past. Objections related to actual infinities, successive addition, and causal principles are critically addressed. The cumulative integration of these arguments results in a robust rational foundation for classical monotheism, aligning with the concept of God (Allah) in Islamic thought and compatible with broader theistic frameworks.
Keywords: Kalam Cosmological Argument; Contingency Argument; Design Argument; Teleological Argument; Argument for Oneness; Tawḥid; Necessary Being; Cosmology; Divine Simplicity; Fine-Tuning; Infinite Regress; Islamic Philosophy; Natural Theology; Metaphysics; William Lane Craig; Avicenna; al-Ghazali.
