Urbanization and Housing Development in Islamabad and Rawalpindi: Challenges, Opportunities, and Pathways to Sustainable Urban Growth

Abstract

Urbanization is reshaping cities across the developing world, presenting both opportunities and significant challenges. This study investigates the multifaceted impacts of rapid urbanization on housing development in Islamabad and Rawalpindi, two major urban centers in Pakistan experiencing intense demographic and spatial transformations. Focusing on the effects of the Migration-Induced Housing Supply Boom (MIHSB) and Economic Stability Measures (ESM), the study assesses their influence on housing affordability, infrastructure development, social cohesion, and environmental sustainability. Using a stratified random sample of 400 households and a structured questionnaire, the research employs multiple regression analysis to explore these relationships. Findings reveal that while MIHSB exacerbates affordability issues, weakens community bonds, and strains environmental resources, it also stimulates necessary infrastructure expansion. In contrast, ESM positively influences all key urban outcomes, highlighting the critical role of sound economic governance in shaping sustainable urban futures. The results align with global urban studies and emphasize the need for integrated metropolitan planning, affordable housing strategies, social infrastructure investments, and environmental sustainability initiatives. By bridging theoretical frameworks with empirical data, this study provides actionable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and researchers. It concludes with policy recommendations aimed at fostering resilient, inclusive, and sustainable urban environments in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, and comparable cities globally.