Mapping Evidences: Exploring the Factors behind Out-of- School Children in South Punjab

Abstract

This study investigates the multifaceted factors contributing to the persistence of out-of-school children (OOSC) in South Punjab, Pakistan. Despite numerous governmental and non-governmental initiatives to enhance educational access, the region continues to exhibit one of the highest rates of educational exclusion in the country. Using qualitative approach, qualitative interviews with parents—the research identifies key socio-economic, cultural, and institutional determinants of school non-enrollment and dropout. Findings reveal that the persistent issue of out-of-school children in South Punjab is primarily rooted in a complex interplay of economic, cultural, and familial educational background factors. Economically, widespread poverty, child labor, and limited household income compel many families to prioritize short-term survival over long-term educational investment. The cost of schooling—including uniforms, books, and transportation—further discourages enrollment and consistent attendance, especially among children from low-income households. Culturally, deep-seated traditions and gender norms continue to hinder children’s access to education, particularly for girls. Early marriages, domestic responsibilities, and conservative attitudes toward female mobility perpetuate educational exclusion. In many rural areas, education is still not perceived as a necessity but as a privilege reserved for the few, reflecting a broader societal undervaluing of formal schooling. Moreover, the family’s educational background plays a decisive role. The evidence generated aims to inform policymakers, educators, and development partners in designing effective strategies to reduce the number of out-of-school children in South Punjab.